Suplementación prenatal con omega 3 y su efecto en complicaciones durante el embarazo / Effect of prenatal omega 3 supplementation on pregnancy outcomes

Durante los últimos años se ha incentivado la suplementación con omega 3 durante el embarazo principalmente debido a la evidencia que mostraría beneficios en el desarrollo neuronal y visual del hijo en gestación, y a la prevención de patologías obstétricas asociadas a un aumento de la morbi-mortalidad perinatal. Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (PUFAs) omega 3, específicamente el ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y el ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), poseen propiedades antiinflamatorias, vasodilatadoras, además de propiedades anti-agregantes, las cuales han estimulado el uso de PUFAs en la prevención de enfermedades cardiovasculares. En esta revisión detallamos los efectos de la suplementación con omega 3 en diferentes aspectos del embarazo tales como la prevención del parto prematuro, preeclampsia, depresión post-parto y mejora del metabolismo durante la diabetes gestacional. Si bien existen diversos ensayos clínicos randomizados que estudian la suplementación con omega 3 durante la gestación, la evidencia sigue siendo no concluyente, debido a la variabilidad de las dosis y tiempo de administración. Ciertamente, un mayor número de estudios de calidad son necesarios para determinar el real impacto de la suplementación con omega 3 durante la gestación en la prevención de patologías obstétricas(AU)

During pregnancy, omega 3 supplementation has raised its popularity due to evidence that it would show not only benefits in the neural and visual development of the unborn child, but also in the prevention of obstetrical pathologies associated with of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), specifically, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), possess anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory and anti-aggregating properties, which have led to the use of PUFAs in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we detail the effects of omega 3 supplementation on different aspects of pregnancy such as prevention of preterm birth, pre-eclampsia, postpartum depression, and improved metabolism during gestational diabetes. Although there are several randomized clinical trials using omega-3 supplementation during pregnancy, the evidence remains inconclusive, due to variability in dosage and administration time. Certainly, a greater number of high-quality studies including randomized clinical trials are necessary to determine the impact of omega 3 supplementation during pregnancy in the prevention of obstetric pathologies(AU)

Is arginine supplementation effective in preventing preeclampsia in pregnant women / A suplementação de arginina é efetiva em prevenir pré-eclâmpsia em gestantes?

Objectives: The objective of this study was to review data from randomized controlled trials to assess whether or not the supplementation of L-Arginine (L-Arg) is effective in reducing the incidence of preeclampsia (PE) in pregnancies at risk of developing the disorder. Methods: We aimed to systematic review randomized controlled trials, including those which compared L-Arg supplementation with placebo in pregnant women at high risk of PE development, analyzing PE incidence as the main outcome. Data were collected from MEDLINE/ Pubmed, EMBASE/ Elsevier, LILACS/ BVS and Cochrane. Results: A total of 46 papers were identified in the primary search. After analysis of eligibility, inclusion and exclusion criteria, two articles (which respected in detail all the stages of evaluation) were included in the present review. A risk of bias assessment was performed. Data analysis revealed that the incidence of PE was significantly lower in both studies, and no major adverse effects were reported. The limitations of this study were the lack of standardization between the trials analyzed and the relative low number of studies included. Conclusions: The supplementation with L-Arg appears to reduce the incidence of PE in pregnant women with high risk for its developmen (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar dados de ensaios clínicos randomizados para avaliar se a suplementação de L-Arginina é efetiva para reduzir a incidência de pré-eclâmpsia em gestantes com alto risco de desenvolver a doença. Métodos: Realizamos uma revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados, incluindo aqueles que compararam a suplementação de L-Arginina com placebo em gestantes de alto risco de desenvolvimento de pré-eclâmpsia, analisando a incidência de pré-eclâmpsia como desfecho principal. Os estudos foram selecionados do MEDLINE/ Pubmed, EMBASE/ Elsevier, LILACS/ BVS e Cochrane. Resultados: Um total de 46 estudos foram identificados na busca primária. Após análise da elegibilidade, dos critérios de inclusão e de exclusão, dois artigos (que respeitaram em detalhes todas etapas de avaliação) foram incluídos na presente revisão. Foi realizada uma avaliação de risco de viés. A análise dos dados revelou que a incidência de pré-eclâmpsia foi significativamente menor em ambos os estudos, e nenhum efeito adverso importante foi relatado. As limitações deste estudo foram a falta de padronização entre os ensaios clínicos analisados e o número relativamente baixo de estudos incluídos. Conclusão: A suplementação com L-Arginina parece reduzir a incidência de pré-eclâmpsia em gestantes de alto risco para seu desenvolvimento (AU)

Could Aspirin Treatment Modify the Assessment of the Uterine Arteries? / O tratamento com aspirina pode modificar a avaliação das artérias uterinas?

Abstract Objective To analyze whether acetylsalicylic (ASA) intake modifies the mean uterine arteries pulsatility index (UtA-PI) at the 2nd or 3rd trimester in a cohort of pregnant women with abnormal mean UtA-PI at between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study. Singleton pregnancies with abnormal mean UtA-PI at between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation were studied. The participants were divided into 3 groups: 1) If the participant did not take ASA during pregnancy; 2) If the participant took ASA before 14 weeks of gestation; and 3) If the participant took ASA after 14 weeks of gestation. The mean UtA-PI was evaluated at the 2nd and 3rd trimesters, and it was considered to improve when it decreased below the 95th percentile. The prevalence ratio (PR) and the number needed to treat (NNT) werecalculated. Results A total of 72 participants with a mean UtA-PI>95th percentile at the 1st trimester of gestation were evaluated. Out of the 18 participants who took ASA, 8 participants started it before 14 weeks of gestation and 10 after. A total of 33.3% of these participants had improved the mean UtA-PI at the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of gestation, although it was not statistically significant (p=0.154). The prevalence ratio was 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.31-1.89), but between the 1st and 2nd trimesters of gestation, the PR was 0.92 (95%CI: 0.21-0.99) and it was statistically significant. Conclusion The present work demonstrates a modification of the mean UtA-PI in participants who took ASA compared with those who did not. It is important to check if ASA can modify the normal limits of uterine arteries because this could have an impact on surveillance.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar se a ingestão de acetilsalicílico (ASA) modifica o índice médio de pulsatilidade das artérias uterinas (UtA-PI) no 2° ou 3° trimestre em uma coorte de gestantes com média anormal de UtA-PI entre 11 e 14 semanas. Métodos Este é um estudo de coorte retrospectivo. Gravidezes únicas com média anormal de UtA-PI entre 11 e 14 semanas foram estudadas. As participantes foram divididas em 3 grupos: 1) Se a participante não tomou ASA durante a gravidez, 2) Se a participante tomou AAS antes das 14 semanas e 3) Se a participante tomou ASA após 14 semanas. A média do UtA-PI foi avaliada nos 2° e 3° trimestres e considerou-se que melhorava quando diminuía<95° percentil. Foram calculados a razão de prevalência (RP) e o número necessário para tratar (NNT). Resultados Foram avaliadas 72 participantes com média de UtA-PI>95° percentil no 1° trimestre de gravidez. Das 18 participantes que tomaram ASA, 8 participantes começaram antes de 14 semanas e 10 depois. Um total de 33,3% desses participantes melhoraram a média de UtA-PI nos 2° e 3° trimestres, embora não tenha sido estatisticamente significante (p=0,154). A razão de prevalência foi de 0,95 (intervalo de confiança [IC95%]: 0,31-1,89), mas entre os 1° e o 2° trimestres, a RP foi de 0,92 (IC95%: 0,21-0,99) e foi estatisticamente significativa. Conclusão O presente trabalho demonstra uma modificação da média de UtA-PI em participantes que faziam uso de ASA em comparação com aqueles que não faziam. É importante verificar se o ASA pode modificar os limites normais das artérias uterinas porque isso pode ter um impacto na vigilância.

Recent research on the effect of preeclampsia on maternal-infant intestinal flora interactions / 中国当代儿科杂志

Preeclampsia (PE) is a unique complication of pregnancy that affects the health of the mother and the infant. Intestinal flora plays an important regulatory role in human body's metabolism and immunity and is associated with many diseases. Studies have shown that the development and progression of PE can lead to alterations in intestinal flora in the mother and are even closely associated with the colonization and development of intestinal flora in the offspring. This article reviews related studies on the effect of PE on maternal-infant intestinal flora, so as to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of maternal and infant complications associated with PE.

Tratamiento de la eclampsia y miastenia gravis: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Eclampsia treatment and myasthenia gravis: case report and review of literature

OBJETIVO: Reportar el caso de una gestante con miastenia grave (MG) más preeclampsia-eclampsia y crisis miasténica en el puerperio mediato, y realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre el manejo farmacológico. MÉTODO: Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 26 años con MG, primigesta de 36 semanas de gestación, quien cursó con eclampsia y recibió fenitoína por 24 horas. Tuvo parto espontáneo sin complicaciones y crisis miasténica al día 11 del puerperio asociada a infección de vías urinarias y sepsis. Se realiza revisión de la literatura en PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, LILACS y Scopus, empleando los términos "Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced", "Preeclampsia" y "Eclampsia", combinados con "Myasthenia Gravis", durante el periodo de publicación de 1960 a junio 2020, en inglés y español. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 12 reportes de caso, dos con eclampsia y MG; el caso aquí reportado es el número 13. Ocho pacientes no recibieron medicamentos profilácticos de eclampsia y tres de ellas convulsionaron. En las que se usó sulfato de magnesio, todas cursaron con crisis miasténica. CONCLUSIONES: La evidencia actual en cuanto a la profilaxis y el tratamiento de la eclampsia y la MG corresponde a reportes de casos. El uso de sulfato de magnesio está contraindicado en pacientes con MG, por lo que se han utilizado fenitoína y levetiracetam.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of pregnant women with myasthenia gravis (MG), plus preeclampsia-eclampsia and myasthenic crisis in the mediate puerperium; to conduct a literature review regarding its pharmacological management. METHOD: 26-year-old primigravida with 36 weeks of gestation and previous history of MG, who developed eclampsia and was treated with phenytoin for 24 hours, with later spontaneous delivery without any complications nor new seizures; and myasthenic crisis on day 11 of the puerperium associated with urinary tract infection and sepsis. A literature review was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, LILACS and Scopus, using the controlled vocabulary "Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced", "Preeclampsia" and "Eclampsia", combined with "Myasthenia Gravis", between 1960 and June 2020, in English and Spanish. RESULTS: 12 case reports were found, two of these with eclampsia and MG, the case reported here was number 13. In eight cases patients did not receive any prophylactic drugs for eclampsia and three of them had convulsions. In the cases where magnesium sulfate was used, all developed myasthenic crisis. CONCLUSIONS: The current evidence regarding prophylactic management and treatment corresponds to case reports. The use of magnesium sulfate is contraindicated in patients with MG, therefore phenytoin and levetiracetam have been used.

Caminar durante el embarazo: la actividad física preferida por las embarazadas / Walking during pregnancy: the physical activity preferred by pregnant women

Caminar durante el embarazo, la actividad física preferida entre las mujeres embarazadas, tiene múltiples beneficios para la salud del binomio materno - fetal en comparación con otras modalidades de actividad física. El no requerir tanto esfuerzo, la facilidad de ejecución, posibilidad de interacción social y de integrarse de manera muy significativa en algunas actividades, como los desplazamientos y las actividades ocupacionales, cuando a las embarazadas les es imposible realizar actividad física en su tiempo libre, son algunas de las ventajas que la convierten en la elegida por la mayor parte de las embarazadas. La falta de tiempo, las molestias físicas, la fatiga o la falta de energía, son algunos de los factores que impiden caminar a las gestantes. Dados los múltiples beneficios que tiene caminar para las embarazadas, las autoridades sanitarias deberían fomentar campañas de concienciación que promovieran la importancia de la práctica de actividad física por las mujeres embarazadas, entre las cuales, debería estar muy presente caminar.

Walking during pregnancy, the preferred physical activity among pregnant women, has multiple health benefits for the maternalfetal pairing compared to other forms of physical activity. Not requiring so much effort, the ease of execution, the possibility of social interaction and of integrating in a very significant way in some activities, such as travel and occupational activities, when it is impossible for pregnant women to perform physical activity in their free time, are some of the advantages that make it the one chosen by most pregnant women. Lack of time, physical discomfort, fatigue or lack of energy are some of the factors that prevent pregnant women from walking. Given the multiple benefits that walking has for pregnant women, health authorities should promote awareness campaigns that promote the importance of practicing physical activity by pregnant women, among whom walking should be very present.

Clinical procedures for the prevention of preeclampsia in pregnant women: a systematic peview / Procedimentos clínicos para a prevenção de pré-eclâmpsia em gestantes: Uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Objective To identify the most effective procedures recommended for the prevention of preeclampsia. Data Sources A systematic review was performed in the following databases: Pubmed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane and LILACS via the Virtual Health Library (VHL). A manual search was also performed to find additional references. The risk of bias, the quality of the evidence, and the classification of the strength of the recommendations were evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach. Selection of Studies In the initial search in the databases, the total number of articles retrieved was 351, and 2 were retrieved through the manual search; after duplicate articles were removed, 333 citations remained. After a thorough review of the titles and abstracts, 315 references were excluded. Accordingly, 18 articles were maintained for selection of the complete text (phase 2). This process led to the exclusion of 6 studies. In total, 12 articles were selected for data extraction and qualitative synthesis. Data Collection The articles selected for the study were analyzed, and we inserted the synthesis of the evidence in the online software GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool (GDT) (McMaster University and Evidence Prime Inc. All right reserved. McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontário, Canada); thus, it was possible to develop a table of evidence, with the quality of the evidence and the classification of the strength of the recommendations. Data Synthesis In total, seven studies recommended the individual use of aspirin, or aspirin combined with calcium, heparin or dipyridamole. The use of calcium alone or in combination with phytonutrients was also highlighted. All of the studies were with women at a high risk of developing preeclampsia. Conclusion According to the studies evaluated, the administration of aspirin is still the best procedure to be used in the clinical practice to prevent preeclampsia.

Resumo Objetivo Identificar quais são as condutas recomendadas para a prevenção de pré-eclâmpsia em gestantes. Fontes de Dados Foi feita uma revisão sistemática da literatura, e foram desenvolvidas estratégias detalhadas de busca individual nas bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane e LILACS pela Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Uma pesquisa manual também foi realizada para encontrar referências adicionais. O risco de viés, a qualidade da evidência, e a classificação da força das recomendações foram avaliadas usando a abordagem Classificação de Recomendações, Avaliação, Desenvolvimento e Análises (Gradings of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations, GRADE). Seleção dos Estudos No total, foram encontrados 351 artigos na busca inicial nas bases de dados consultadas e 2 na busca manual; após exclusões por duplicidade, 333 artigos permaneceram. Após a leitura de títulos e resumos, 315 referências foram excluídas. Portanto, 18 artigos foram mantidos para a seleção do texto completo (fase 2); esse processo levou à exclusão de 6 artigos. Após as exclusões por incompatibilidade com os critérios de inclusão, 12 artigos compuseram a amostra. Coleta de Dados Os artigos selecionados para o estudo foram analisados, e a digitação da síntese das evidências foi realizada no software online GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool (GDT) (McMaster University and Evidence Prime Inc. Todos os direitos reservados. McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontário, Canadá), o que possibilitou a elaboração de uma tabela de evidências, com a qualidade das evidências e a classificação da força das recomendações. Síntese dos Dados No total, sete estudos recomendaram o uso individual de aspirina, ou aspirina combinada com cálcio, heparina ou dipiridamol. O uso de cálcio isolado ou em combinação com fitonutrientes também foi destacado. Todos os estudos foram realizados com mulheres com alto risco de desenvolver pré-eclâmpsia. Conclusão De acordo com os estudos avaliados, a administração de aspirina ainda é a melhor conduta a ser utilizada na prática clínica para prevenir a pré-eclâmpsia.

Screening for preeclampsia in the first trimester and aspirin prophylaxis: our first year / Rastreio de pré-eclâmpsia no primeiro trimestre e profilaxia com aspirina: o nosso primeiro ano

Abstract Objective Preeclampsia is a major cause of perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. Our objective is to assess the performance of a combined screening test for preeclampsia in the first trimester and the prophylactic use of low-dose aspirin. Methods Prospective study of all women attending our hospital for the first-trimester screening of aneuploidies, between March 2017 and February 2018 (n = 1,297). The exclusion criteria weremultiple pregnancy andmajor fetal abnormalities. Preeclampsia screening was performed with an algorithm that includes maternal characteristics, and biophysical and biochemical biomarkers. High-risk was defined as a risk ≥ 1:50 of earlyonset preeclampsia (before 34 weeks), in which cases low-dose aspirin (150mg at night) was offered to these women from screening until 36 weeks. Results From the 1,272 enrolled participants, the majority were Caucasian (1,051; 82.6%) and multiparous (658, 51.7%). Fifty patients (3.9%) screened high-risk for preeclampsia, and all started a low-dose aspirin regimen, with good compliance (96%). Early-onset preeclampsia was found in 3 pregnant women (0.24%), and total preeclampsia was diagnosed in 25 (2.02%), compared with 28 (0.75%) cases of early preeclampsia (p = 0.0099) and 98 (2.62%) of total preeclampsia (p = 0.2904) before the implementation of screening. Conclusion There was a lower incidence of both, early-onset and total preeclampsia, after the introduction of universal screening and prophylactic use of low-dose aspirin. This reduction was statistically significant in early-onset preeclampsia. The association of a first-trimester combined screening model and aspirin prophylaxis appears to be useful in predicting and reducing the incidence of early-onset preeclampsia, in a routine care setting.

Resumo Objetivo A pré-eclâmpsia é uma causa importante de morbi-mortalidade materna e perinatal. Os objetivos do nosso estudo foram avaliar a implementação do rastreio combinado de pré-eclâmpsia no primeiro trimestre e o uso profilático de aspirina em baixa dose. Métodos Estudo prospetivo das mulheres referenciadas ao nosso hospital para realização do rastreio do primeiro trimestre de aneuploidias, entre março de 2017 e fevereiro de 2018 (n = 1.297). Os critérios de exclusão foram gravidez múltipla e anomalias fetais graves. O algoritmo usado no rastreio da pré-eclâmpsia combina características maternas, e marcadores biofísicos e bioquímicos. Definiu-se alto risco como risco de pré-eclâmpsia precoce (antes das 34 semanas) ≥ 1:50, tendo sido recomendada aspirina em baixa dose (150 mg à noite) desde o rastreio até às 36 semanas. Resultados Das 1.272 participantes, a maioria era caucasiana (1.051; 82,6%) e multípara (658; 51,7%). Cinquenta grávidas (3,9%) foram consideradas de alto risco para pré-eclâmpsia e todas iniciaram aspirina em baixa dose, com boa adesão (96%). Pré-eclampsia precoce foi diagnosticada em 3 grávidas (0,24%), e no total foram diagnosticados 25 casos de pré-eclâmpsia (2,02%), comparativamente com 28 (0,75%) casos de pré-eclampsia precoces (p = 0,0099) e 98 (2,62%) casos totais de préeclâmpsia (p = 0,2904) observados antes da implementação do rastreio. Verificou-se uma menor incidência de pré-eclâmpsia precoce e total após introdução do rastreio universal e uso profilático de aspirina. A redução da pré-eclâmpsia precoce foi estatisticamente significativa. Conclusão A associação de um modelo de rastreio combinado no primeiro trimestre com o uso profilático de aspirina é aparentemente eficaz na redução do risco de préeclâmpsia precoce.

Pre-eclampsia/Eclampsia / Pré-eclâmpsia/Eclâmpsia

Abstract Pre-eclampsia is a multifactorial and multisystemic disease specific to gestation. It is classically diagnosed by the presence of hypertension associated with proteinuria manifested in a previously normotensive pregnant woman after the 20th week of gestation. Pre-eclampsia is also considered in the absence of proteinuria if there is target organ damage. The present review takes a general approach focused on aspects of practical interest in the clinical and obstetric care of these women. Thus, it explores the still unknown etiology, current aspects of pathophysiology and of the diagnosis, the approach to disease prediction, its adverse outcomes and prevention. Management is based on general principles, on nonpharmacological and on pharmacological clinical treatment of severe or nonsevere situations with emphasis on the hypertensive crisis and eclampsia. Obstetric management is based on preeclampsia without or with signs of clinical and/or laboratory deterioration, stratification of gestational age

Resumo A pré-eclâmpsia é uma doença multifatorial e multissistêmica específica da gestação. É classicamente diagnosticada pela presença de hipertensão arterial associada à proteinúria em gestante previamente normotensa após a 20a semana de gestação. A préeclâmpsia também é considerada na ausência de proteinúria se houver lesão de órgãoalvo. A presente revisão tem uma abordagem geral focada em aspectos de interesse prático na assistência clínica e obstétrica dessas mulheres. Assim, explora a etiologia ainda desconhecida, aspectos atuais da fisiopatologia e do diagnóstico e diagnóstico diferencial de convulsões, a abordagem da predição da doença, seus resultados adversos e prevenção. A conduta baseia-se em princípios gerais, tratamento clínico não farmacológico e farmacológico de situações graves ou não graves, com ênfase na crise hipertensiva e eclâmpsia. O controle obstétrico se fundamenta na pré-eclâmpsia sem ou com sinais de deterioração clínica e/ou laboratorial, estratificação da idade gestacional abaixo de 24 semanas, entre 24 e menos de 34 semanas e 34 ou mais semanas de gestação e orientação na via de parto. Uma abordagem imediata do puerpério e repercussões na vida futura de gestantes que desenvolvem pré-eclâmpsia também foram apresentadas.

Pré-eclâmpsia/eclâmpsia / Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia

A pré-eclâmpsia é uma doença multifatorial e multissistêmica específica da gestação. É classicamente diagnosticada pela presença de hipertensão arterial associada à proteinúria em gestante previamente normotensa após a 20a semana de gestação. A pré-eclâmpsia também é considerada na ausência de proteinúria se houver lesão de órgão-alvo. A presente revisão tem uma abordagem geral focada em aspectos de interesse prático na assistência clínica e obstétrica dessas mulheres. Assim, explora a etiologia ainda desconhecida, aspectos atuais da fisiopatologia e do diagnóstico e diagnóstico diferencial de convulsões, a abordagem da predição da doença, seus resultados adversos e prevenção. A conduta baseia-se em princípios gerais, tratamento clínico não farmacológico e farmacológico de situações graves ou não graves, com ênfase na crise hipertensiva e eclâmpsia. O controle obstétrico se fundamenta na pré-eclâmpsia sem ou com sinais de deterioração clínica e/ou laboratorial, estratificação da idade gestacional abaixo de 24 semanas, entre 24 e menos de 34 semanas e 34 ou mais semanas de gestação e orientação na via de parto. Uma abordagem imediata do puerpério e repercussões na vida futura de gestantes que desenvolvem pré-eclâmpsia também foram apresentadas.(AU)

Pre-eclampsia is a multifactorial and multisystemic disease specific to gestation. It is classically diagnosed by the presence of hypertension associated with proteinuria manifested in a previously normotensive pregnant woman after the 20th week of gestation. Pre-eclampsia is also considered in the absence of proteinuria if there is target organ damage. The present review takes a general approach focused on aspects of practical interest in the clinical and obstetric care of these women. Thus, it explores the still unknown etiology, current aspects of pathophysiology and of the diagnosis, the approach to disease prediction, its adverse outcomes and prevention. Management is based on general principles, on nonpharmacological and on pharmacological clinical treatment of severe or nonsevere situations with emphasis on the hypertensive crisis and eclampsia. Obstetric management is based on preeclampsia without or with signs of clinical and/or laboratory deterioration, stratification of gestational age in < 24 weeks, between 24 and less than 34 weeks, and ≥ 34 weeks of gestation, and guidance on route of delivery. An immediate puerperium approach and repercussions in the future life of pregnant women who develop preeclampsia is also presented.(AU)

Preeclampsia y eclampsia en el período gravídico y puerperal en pacientes ingresadas en cuidados intensivos / Preeclampsia and Eclampsia in the Gravid and Puerperal Period in Patients Admitted To Intensive Care

Introducción: La preeclampsia produce proteinuria, edema e hipertensión arterial. La eclampsia aparece luego de la preeclampsia o de forma aguda con convulsiones. Ambos estados suelen producirse hacia el final de la gestación, durante o después del parto. Objetivo: Caracterizar a gestantes o puérperas con preeclampsia-eclampsia, ingresadas en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Método: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo y longitudinal, que incluyó 38 pacientes a las que se les realizó examen físico completo, exámenes complementarios de utilidad para su diagnóstico y el índice APACHE II. Resultados: Predominaron las puérperas con preeclampsia y las edades entre 21 a 35 años. Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes encontrados: las edades extremas, antecedentes personales y la nuliparidad. Con una estadía entre 4 y 5 días de ambos grupos, con 100 por ciento de egresos vivos. Conclusiones: Con una estrategia de seguimiento precoz en gestantes y puérperas con riesgo, se puede llegar al diagnóstico de formas graves e incipientes de preeclampsia(AU)

Introduction: Preeclampsia produces proteinuria, edema and arterial hypertension. Eclampsia appears after preeclampsia or acute with seizures. Both states usually occur towards the end of pregnancy, during or after delivery. Objective: To characterize pregnant or puerperal women with preeclampsia-eclampsia, admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Methods: A descriptive, prospective and longitudinal study was concluded, in 38 patients who underwent a complete physical examination, complementary tests useful for their diagnosis and APACHE II index. Results: Puerperal pre-eclampsia predominated. The ages between 21 to 35 years prevailed. The most frequent risk factors found were advanced ages, personal history and nulliparity. The stay ranged between 4 and 5 days in both groups, with 100 percent of live hospital discharges. Conclusions: The early diagnosis of severe and initial forms of preeclampsia is possible with a strategy of early follow-up in pregnant and puerperal women at risks(AU)

Evaluation of the effects of Uncaria rhynchophylla alkaloid extract on LPS-induced preeclampsia symptoms and inflammation in a pregnant rat model

Excessive pro-inflammatory cytokines result in adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia-like phenotypes, and fetal growth restriction. Anti-inflammation might be an effective therapy. The aim of this research was to investigate whether Uncaria rhynchophylla alkaloid extract (URE), a highly safe anti-inflammation constituent of the herb, can inhibit inflammation and improve clinical characteristics of preeclampsia in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced preeclampsia rat model. The rat model was established by daily administration of LPS (1 μg/kg body weight per day) from gestational day (GD) 14 to 19. Different doses of URE (35, 70, and 140 mg/kg body weight per day) were administered from GD 14 to GD 19. The effects of URE on proteinuria, maternal hypertension, pregnancy outcomes, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in serum and placenta were measured. High-dose URE (HURE) treatment decreased LPS-induced mean 24-h proteinuria and systolic blood pressure, and increased fetal weight, placental weight, and the number of live pups (P<0.05). Moreover, increased serum and placental levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ in the LPS-treated group were obviously inhibited after HURE administration (P<0.01). URE improved preeclampsia symptoms and mitigated inflammatory responses in the LPS-induced preeclampsia rat model, which suggests that the anti-inflammation effect of URE might be an alternative therapy for preeclampsia.

Morbilidad materna extrema en pacientes de un Hospital Materno Infantil en República Dominicana / Severe Maternal Morbidity in Patients of a Maternal and Child Hospital in the Dominican Republic

Introducción: La morbilidad materna extrema se define como una complicación grave que ocurre durante el embarazo, parto y puerperio que pone en riesgo la vida de la mujer o requiere de una atención inmediata con el fin de evitar la muerte; el cual constituye un problema de salud pública y factor responsable para la mortalidad materna. Objetivo: Caracterizar los casos de morbilidad materna extrema en las pacientes de un Hospital Materno Infantil en el período enero- diciembre 2016. Métodos: Se realizó el estudio en base de 221 casos de Morbilidad Materna Extrema, donde 113 de estos casos cumplieron con los criterios de MME establecidos por el SINAVE del 2016. La recolección de la información fue por medio indirecto con la utilización de expedientes clínicos y base de datos obtenida del Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia (INE), con llenado de ficha complementaria. Se analizó diferentes caracteres y variables obstétricas que conllevaron a los casos de MME. Resultados: Según nuestra muestra, a Morbilidad Materna Extrema (MME) afectó a un total de 113 pacientes, con índice de mortalidad (MM) de 0.097 y relación MME/MM de 10.27. Estuvo relacionada con pacientes de 21-35 años de edad, nivel educativo medio, multiparidad, mínima cantidad de controles prenatales, gestaciones mayormente del tercer trimestre, la mayoría terminando en desembarazo por vía cesárea e ingreso a UCI. La causa principal de los casos de MME fue por trastornos hipertensivos durante el embarazo (76.11 por ciento). Conclusiones: La causa principal de los casos de MME son los trastornos hipertensivos durante la gestación, teniendo el mayor porcentaje antecedentes de hipertensión arterial antes del embarazo(AU)

Severe maternal morbidity is as a serious complication that occurs during pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium that puts the woman's life at risk or requires immediate attention in order to avoid death. This entity represents a public health problem and responsible factor for maternal mortality. We conducted a cross-section descriptive study from retrospective and indirect information compilation from San Lorenzo de Los Mina Hospital, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic with the purpose of interpreting risk factors that lead to maternal near miss event (NME) cases from January to December 2016 according to sociodemographic and gynecological characteristics. The study population consisted of 221 pregnant women of whom only 113 met the specific inclusion criteria used in this study. The main cause of severe maternal morbidity in this study were hypertensive disorders. The majority of cases had pre-eclampsia, eclampsia was in second place and HELLP Syndrome in third place. The average age of the patients was 26.64 years and median age 27 years. The age group over 35 years had the highest incidence. The highest percentage of complications occurred during the third trimester of pregnancy with cesarean section completion with 71 cases. There were 11 deaths (9.73 percent) of the cases of severe maternal morbidity(AU)

Utilidad y aplicación del ecodoppler en el embarazo de alto riesgo / Utility and application of ecodoppler in high risk pregnancy

Introducción: La detección de alteraciones en la circulación fetal y materna advierte sobre las alteraciones hemodinámicas que comienza a sufrir el feto. Si la edad gestacional garantiza la viabilidad fetal no se requiere prolongar la gestación, evitando complicaciones por hipoxia crónica. Sin embargo, en fetos con inmadurez pulmonar se esperan trastornos más severos por alteraciones en el sistema venoso fetal. En embarazos de alto riesgo, la ecografía fetal con Doppler es el método de elección debido a su alta sensibilidad que, además de ser no invasivo y accesible, permite la identificación de alteraciones que ponen en riesgo la vida del feto, ayudando al diagnóstico y monitoreo de las mismas. Su buen uso reduce el riesgo de muerte fetal en casos de alto riesgo. La evaluación de las arterias uterinas en el tamizaje de patologías del embarazo es de utilidad en preeclampsia, restricción de crecimiento intrauterino, desprendimiento de placenta y muerte fetal. El estudio de la morfología de onda de la arteria umbilical se utiliza ante sospecha de hipoxia, siendo el mejor indicador para interrupción de la gestación ante la presencia de anomalías, mientras que los cambios en la velocimetría de la arteria cerebral media son de utilidad en la evaluación de fetos con insuficiencia placentaria y anemia. El índice cerebro-placentario es el marcador más sensible para diagnosticar la redistribución cerebral como primer fenómeno adaptativo del feto ante la injuria. El estudio del sistema venoso fetal detecta estados más avanzados de hipoxia fetal, acompañados de acidemia e insuficiencia cardíaca. Objetivo: Describir aspectos a evaluar con EcoDoppler fetal para identificar alteraciones sugerentes de patología materno-fetal. Destacar su utilidad en embarazos de alto riesgo. Revisión de bibliografía actualizada. Materiales y Método: Para la localización de la bibliografía se utilizaron varias fuentes documentales, abarcando una búsqueda crítica en internet desde Google Académico, incluyendo artículos publicados a partir del año 2002, utilizando los descriptores: ecografía, ecoDoppler, embarazo, control prenatal, preeclampsia, restricción del crecimiento intrauterino. Se seleccionaron aquellos documentos que informasen sobre los aspectos físicos del ecoDoppler, aplicación del ecoDoppler en embarazos de alto riesgo y metodología del estudio

Introduction: The detection of alterations in the fetal and maternal circulation warns about the hemodynamic alterations that the fetus begins to suffer. If gestational age guarantees fetal viability, it is not necessary to prolong gestation, avoiding complications due to chronic hypoxia. However, in fetuses with pulmonary immaturity more severe disorders are expected due to alterations in the fetal venous system. In high-risk pregnancies, fetal ultrasound with Doppler is the method of choice due to its high sensitivity that, in addition to being non-invasive and accessible, allows the identification of alterations that put the life of the fetus at risk, aiding diagnosis and monitoring from the same. Its good use reduces the risk of fetal death in high-risk cases. The evaluation of the uterine arteries in the screening of pathologies of pregnancy is useful in preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, placental abruption and fetal death. The study of the wave morphology of the umbilical artery is used when hypoxia is suspected, being the best indicator for interruption of gestation in the presence of anomalies, while changes in the velocimetry of the middle cerebral artery are useful in the evaluation of fetuses with placental insufficiency and anemia. The brain-placental index is the most sensitive marker to diagnose cerebral redistribution as the first adaptive phenomenon of the fetus before injury. The study of the fetal venous system detects more advanced stages of fetal hypoxia, accompanied by acidemia and heart failure. Objective: Describe aspects to be evaluated with Fetal EcoDoppler to identify alterations suggestive of maternal-fetal pathology. Highlight its usefulness in high risk pregnancies. Review of updated bibliography. Materials and Method:Several documentary sources were used to locate the bibliography, covering a critical search on the Internet from Google Scholar, including articles published since 2002, using the descriptors: ultrasound, ecoDoppler, pregnancy, prenatal control, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction . We selected those documents that reported on the physical aspects of ecoDoppler, application of ecoDoppler in high-risk pregnancies and study methodology.

Aplicación de la escala de factores de riesgo para complicaciones de preeclampsia / Application of the risk factor scale for complications of preeclampsia

INTRODUCCIÓN: El diagnóstico precoz de las complicaciones en preeclampsia, constituye uno de los retos principales en obstetricia que suelen determinar la instauración de medidas preventivas y terapéuticas, con el fin de cambiar su historia natural; por tal motivo se construyó una escala de factores de riesgo para predecir sus complicaciones. OBJETIVO: Determinar la precisión de la escala de factores de riesgo para complicaciones de preeclampsia como instrumento predictivo. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal y analítico aplicando la escala en 60 pacientes que ingresaron con diagnóstico de preeclampsia al Hospital de ginecoobstetricia del Instituto Materno Infantil del Estado de México (HGO del IMIEM) utilizando la técnica de minería de datos de tipo supervisado a través de un árbol de decisión, en la que a partir de datos de un grupo de estudio con una escala previamente construida, se evaluó la eficiencia del instrumento mediante entrenamiento y prueba de red neuronal artificial así como determinación del área bajo la curva (ABC) Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). RESULTADOS: Los resultados del árbol de decisiones indican que la escala tiene una precisión del 93.3%, error estimado de 6.7%, con respecto a la evaluación de la red neuronal artificial se encontró que dicho instrumento, tiene una precisión del 100% sin presentar pronósticos in correctos. El cálculo del rendimiento diagnóstico de la escala con Curva ROC, registra que el área bajo la curva (ABC) es de 0.98. CONCLUSIONES: El uso de la escala de factores de riesgo para complicaciones de preeclampsia, constituye un buen instrumento para la predicción de complicaciones en preeclampsia.

INTRODUCTION: Early diagnosis of complications in preeclampsia, is one of the main challenges in obstetrics that can determine the establishment of preventive and therapeutic measures, in order to change its natural history, for that reason a scale of risk factors was constructed to predict their complications. OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of the scale of risk factors for complications of preeclampsia as a predictive tool. METHOD: A prospective, longitudinal and analytical study using the scale in 60 patients admitted with a diagnosis of preeclampsia to HGO the IMIEM using the technique of data mining type supervised by a decision tree, in which from of scale data of a study group with a previously built instrument scale efficiency it was assessed by testing and training artificial neural network and determining the area under the curve (AUC) Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). RESULTS: The results of the decision tree indicate that the scale has an accuracy of 93.3%, estimated error of 6.7%. The evaluation of the artificial neural network shows that the instrument has an accuracy of 100%, without incorrect predictions. Calculating the diagnostic performance of ROC curve scale, records that the area under the curve (AUC) is 0.98. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the scale of risk factors for complications of preeclampsia, is an excellent tool for predicting preeclampsia complications.

Resultados del uso del ácido acetilsalicílico y los suplementos de calcio en la prevención de la preeclampsia / Results of the Use of Acetylsalicylic Acid and Calcium Supplements in Preventing Preeclampsia

Introducción: la preeclampsia en una afección que complica el embarazo y es responsable entre 10-15 por ciento de la mortalidad materna y perinatal. En Villa Clara, constituyen la primera causa de ingreso en los Servicios de Cuidados Maternos y perinatales. Objetivo: demostrar la efectividad y la seguridad de la aspirina y los suplementos de calcio en embarazadas con riesgo. Métodos: se realizó una investigación observacional, prospectiva en la consulta provincial de riesgo de preeclampsia del Hospital Universitario Ginecobstétrico Mariana Grajales, de Villa Clara, desde enero del 2014 hasta diciembre del 2015. Resultados: se comprobó que el uso de la aspirina y el calcio, a las dosis empleadas, resultaron ser efectivas en la disminución de la incidencia de preeclampsia y sus formas severas. Existieron beneficios mayores con las medidas preventivas empleadas, para algunos grupos específicos de riesgo como: hipertensión arterial crónica, obesidad, historia de preeclampsia previa y pacientes con ecografía Doppler alterada. No se observó un incremento de eventos adversos sobre la madre y el feto. Conclusiones: no se observó un incremento de eventos adversos sobre la madre y el neonato en las pacientes tratadas(AU)

Introduction: preeclampsia in a condition that complicates pregnancy and it is responsible for 10-15 percent of maternal and perinatal mortality. In Villa Clara, it constitutes the first cause of admission to the Maternal and Perinatal Care Services. Objective: demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of aspirin and calcium supplements in pregnant women at risk. Methods: an observational, prospective investigation was conducted in the provincial consultation for risk of preeclampsia at Mariana Grajales Gyneco-Obstetric University Hospital, in Villa Clara, from January 2014 to December 2015. Results: the use of aspirin and calcium, at the doses used, proved to be effective in reducing the incidence of preeclampsia and its severe forms. There were greater benefits with the preventive measures used, for some specific risk groups such as chronic hypertension, obesity, history of previous preeclampsia and patients with altered Doppler ultrasound. There was no increase in adverse events on the mother and the fetus. Conclusions: there was no increase in adverse events on the mother and the newborn in the treated patients(AU)